Diplomatic talks are the main means of promoting national interests, resolving international conflicts and reaching agreement on issues such as trade and peace treaties. These negotiations are governed by set protocols and conventions that provide a structured framework for nations to interact, while allowing them to negotiate with each other on a fair basis (Jonsson 2002).

In addition to formal meetings between ambassadors, larger countries typically organize working or summit conferences where dozens of leaders from around the world may gather to discuss specific topics like trade, immigration, climate change and terrorism. These informal discussions often take place over a period of several days and are a great opportunity for leaders to develop a personal connection and for diplomats to engage in true interaction.

Many of the problems that diplomatic discussions encounter are related to miscommunication or misunderstandings. High emotions can derail productive dialogue and a lack of respect can cause alienation. Cultural differences can also interfere with effective communication, and ego and overconfidence can lead to hostile interactions.

Great diplomats know how to avoid making their counterparts uncomfortable. They speak in a measured manner that is not overly official-sounding or condescending. They understand the importance of building a strong relationship, which makes it easier to raise difficult issues and make compromises. They also understand the value of rewards in a negotiation, and they use them effectively to encourage a positive outcome. For example, in the 1980s, the American and Soviet negotiators Paul Nitze and Yuli Kvitsinsky engaged in their famous “Walk in the Woods” discussions over intermediate-range nuclear arms control. These informal discussions helped create a solid foundation for the final arms-control treaty in Geneva.